فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 50 (تابستان 1401)

Today, the issue of identity crisis has become one of the main concerns in the domain of architectural spaces, especially in countries with culturally rich backgrounds which seek original features in a purposeful solution. This is also true of the Iranian architectural space which, connected deeply to its culture, can conceive an authentic model related to the architecture of the modern urban façades. The main inquiry of this study revolves around this fundamental question: “What elements are analytically included inthe study of the semantic authenticity in urban facades of the city of Tehran?” It could be concluded that, based on the theory of origin of Zancheti, et al., understanding the concept of “originality” is possible through three elements: the physical – environmental element, the physical element and the element of meaning in urban landscapes.  Furthermore, the authentic façadesfollow three elements: first, the clarity in the building structure, second,the connection with the environment and the urban space and third,the affiliation to the longstanding and meaningful objects.  In order to create original façades in today's urban architectural design, one needs to identify the construction of the building facade, followed by a systematic study of the physical and semantic relations to perceive its semantic authenticity as veiled codes in the facades. The aim of this study is to emphasize the structural authenticity in the city of Tehran by devising a framework in the original semantics. Therefore, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods is used. Thus, in the qualitative phase, the characteristics are examined through “Grounded-Theory” method.In the quantitative phase, however, the significance of the characteristics is determined using the SWARA method. The data collection method is based on field data, library research, and involves a questionnaire containing 24 questions. The selection of examples include monuments of contemporary architecture that have a wide range of impact and hold the following characteristics due to their superior views: 1-In the first and second “Pahlavi” Era; 1931-1966. 2- Iranian cultural roots are also meticulously studied. 3-There are genuine architectural signs and patterns. In the selection of this study, twopoints are more conspicuous than others: the importance of the works of the selected buildings and the significance of their relative era.The physical analysis of the contemporary architectural works in the first and second “Pahlavi” Erasuggests thatproper design methods were applied in the structural proportions widely employed by the architects of the timeto originate a basic method in architecture. They follow a pattern that facilitates the process of the original design by employing it in view and intensify the validity of the façade.   According to this research, the production of an authentic urban facade has a direct connection with the creation of meaningful elements that are linkedto one another through time. This study considers roots as the basis of originalitywhich is perceived through an accuratedesign analysis of the architecture of PahlaviEra. The semantic authenticity of the façade is comprehended through semantic elements which areassociated with the city,the effective light,the turning point,the vitality and mobility, the memorability, and the domestic materials.

Due to the innate tendency of human beings to interact with nature and the significant effects of communication with nature in the human soul and body, human beings have always sought to create a logical and appropriate relationship between indoor space and outdoor nature. The quality of natural environments not only is not limited to the health and well-being of individuals, but it also provides their spiritual and psychological needs, paves the way for development and progress, identity formation, and extraction of various environmental experiences such as fun, vitality, and mind retrieval. Healing is a term that repeatedly seeks to enhance human comfort in the natural landscape. It is a quality that encompasses both body and mind, and generally refers to the spatial nature that cares about human health and improves it directly affects the human psyche. There are two common types of green space with healing properties: sensory gardens, which offer passive health benefits, and therapeutic (physical) gardens provide active relief. Along with the formation of human societies, the phenomenon of participation has emerged in order to strengthen social relations regarding the diversity of attitudes and schools. The definition of social sustainability refers to four key elements: social justice (meaning equal opportunities and human rights for all people, both now and for future generations), social solidarity (meaning empathy), participation (meaning providing opportunities for each individual in society so that each person can improve their quality of life) and security (meaning providing security in livelihood and Against natural hazards). Nowadays, stress is the cause of mental disorders in society. Due to the fact that a large number of people face a lack of medical centers appropriate to their moods, their needs, and using concepts related to social sustainability, the design of medical spaces can be solved by involving the audience according to their wishes. In the present study, by using qualitative strategy and using library studies, and applying the description-analysis method and effective components of the healing garden in improving patients. To determine the participation approach, the relationship of each component with the type of patient participation was identified through study and conclusion, which identified four types of participation approaches. First, in the planning stage, by selecting operating groups with an interpretive approach based on evidence-based design, the wishes and needs of patients are identified. Then, in cases of components that need to get enough information from patients, information is obtained through various tools such as questionnaires, interviews, etc. In the design stage, by reviewing the initial solutions and ideas obtained from the planning stage, using the regionalism approach to the indigenous cultural and historical features of the region, along with the universal design, which refers to the free and flexible design, to all tastes. The right answer will be given and the final product will be obtained with collective ideas. In all these approaches, the type of patient participation due to their specificity and personal limitations of individuals is indirectly discussed in the plan.

In recent decades, the subject of urban development has gradually developed into a modern and dominant paradigm in the theoretical and academic literature on urban development and planning. Although it has been seen through different perceptions and interpretations, the paradigm generally emphasizes the sustainability and persistence of development for all and future generations. This development requires multilateral consideration of intricate dimensions of economic, social, political, cultural, and environmental issues on different scales. The literature results show that the physical development of Arak, as a metropolitan city in the middle part of Iran and close to the capital, is in an undesirable and unsustainable state. This unsustainability attracted attention to issues such as the land-use change from agricultural to residential, environmental destructions, traffic, urban furniture, slums, etc. Accordingly, the present research aimed at studying pathologically Arak urban development from the standpoints of structural, contextual, and behavioral damages. It also considered the points of view of Arak's residents. The residents' points of view were considered because of their familiarity with the issues of their city's urban development, and considering their experiences is a valuable act because it results in increased social capital and social participation. This is an applied and explorative research regarding its objective and method, respectively. The statistical population of the research was 384 persons, which included all Arak's residents 18 years old or older who were selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling, which was done according to the upper limit in Morgan's table. Affirmative factor analysis was used to analyze the data. The research model estimation was done and confirmed using Lisrel software. To assess the research model fitness, different indices were used, such as Chi-square of the degree of freedom, characteristic roots statistics, mean square error, P-Value, and CFI. Indices' values and comparing them with a fitted model showed the proper fitness of the structural model. The factors were ranked based on factor loading, and the conceptual model of urban development damages was presented in three groups structural, contextual, and behavioral. The model showed that structural damages included inability in providing income resources, the existing organizational chart, and lack of a clear organizational mission and objectives; The contextual damages included lack of citizens' participation in urban management and neglecting the costumers' opinions. Behavioral damages included lack of supervising the staff's performance, the influence of organizational culture on the staff's performance, lack of consciousness and knowledge among the staff, and lack of recognition of working standards.Accordingly, the citizens' opinions and prioritizing in removing urban development damages can be considered in Arak's urban development policymaking, which in turn will result in increased participation of the citizens in urban development projects and decreased urban development expenditures, increased social trust in the citizens and turn increased social order, increased social dynamics, increased social relationships in urban neighborhoods and among the citizens, this produces some benefits such as increased capabilities and skills of the citizens in solving problems all of which will result in more social protection for the citizens.

Security is one of the main necessities of every society. From early Prehistoric cave-dwellers to medieval and modern cities, the organization of settlements has always tended to provide security as major human needs. Two different approaches is used in describing the concept of security; first, security in its objective form which in this dissertation tries to research about it, and it refers to maintenance of people life and property, it is related to crime prevention. In second approach, security refers to subjective concept. The hypothesis of this research is based on this issue that with using results of current researches in the field of relationship between environment and human behavior, it could be possible to formulate a model for crime prevention and improvement of security in building complexes. Universal approach of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), is used as fundamental theory of this article. It is a different approach to preventing crime and can be said that the design and re-design of an environment may reduce crime opportunity. Four factors in this approach including surveillance, accessibility control, territoriality and image is used as important physical factors in security of residential complexes. Qualitative and quantitative approaches are used in two different parts of this research. In first part, qualitative approach is used for reviewing literature by context analysis and then with interpretation approach and comparative analysis method, this part of research tries to investigate the environmental factors in security of residential complexes. In second part, quantitative method is used for identification of physical elements which affects security in residential complexes of Hamedan. This step results in formulating a model by using interviews and questionnaires. For analyzing the conceptual model, the study used structured equity model by questionnaires in Likert scale answers. The results of analysis are interpreted by descriptive-analytic method. The results show that some physical elements are working through social elements and then affect security. The results of this article shows that some of physical features which are  important in  security issue, such as lighting, opening , body form, and  green space are related to building complexes’ security. The results show that there is not any significant relationship between fence and gate and security of studied samples. Investigation about research findings shows that the physical features of fences and gates and behavioral habits of people as a cultural factor, are of the most important reasons of fading of fences and gates roles in securitization of Hamedan residential complexes. The results show the importance of residential complex periphery context in relation to complex security regarding the existence or the lack of appropriate physical context and the type of adjacent land-uses. The results introduce three level of major, median and minor in relation to building complexes security. City region, situation of building complexes in city and cultural factors are addressed in major level of security researches in building complexes. Urban fabric in median level and physical elements and environmental elements in minor level are addressed in security researches in building complexes.

The existence of cities and, on a smaller scale, urban neighborhoods has been a human achievement and a product of human needs throughout history. Neighborhood is a place where the experience of life should be formed and appropriate spaces and physical environment are prerequisites for the formation of such an experience. But the occurrence of events such as the Industrial Revolution, the penetration of modern thinking, the use of automotive planning instead of human-centered planning and the lack of attention of urban management to old neighborhoods and endogenous development and also due to disregard for human needs in neighborhoods, especially in Old neighborhoods that are very vulnerable have changed the attitude of residents towards their neighborhoods. Today, by creating approaches such as "human-centered neighborhood" or "human-centered urban planning", efforts have been made to create neighborhoods for human life with all human characteristics.This research is descriptive-analytical and based on quantitative methods and distribution of questionnaires among citizens, it has been done to evaluate the implementation of human-centered approach components in Nasar and Eram neighborhoods of Semnan as old and new urban neighborhoods. The results showed that there is a significant difference in the level of the two neighborhoods in the level of realization of the components of the human-centered approach. So that in Eram neighborhood, the level of residents' satisfaction is more desirable than Nassar neighborhood and Eram neighborhood is a more human-centered neighborhood than Nassar neighborhood, and this result is contrary to public perception. However, despite the disregard for physical and environmental qualities in such neighborhoods and the lack of proper planning to solve the problems of its residents, some components and indicators of human-centered approach in the old neighborhoods have been reduced. Assessing the level of human-centered approach indicators in the study areas, shows that in the old neighborhood of Nasar, the indicators of "social solidarity" and "safety against hazards" were ranked highest and lowest, respectively. In the new neighborhood of Eram, the index of "environmental cleanliness" was ranked first and the index of "suitable green space" was ranked last. The structural model of the research path using the PLS technique shows that the "security and safety" component has the greatest impact on the realization of the human-centered approach.According to the research results, it can be said that contrary to the existing mentality that the old neighborhoods are more human-centered and respond to the needs of its residents. However, due to problems such as physical exhaustion, lack of safety against dangers, etc., in addition to creating dissatisfaction among the residents of the old neighborhoods, it has damaged the identity and position of the traditional Iranian neighborhood as a human-centered neighborhood. Therefore, in order to improve the position of neighborhoods in cities and humanize them, a kind of balance and proportion in facilities, services, etc. should be created in neighborhoods with logical and flexible planning. In the end, solutions were presented to return the components of the human-centered approach and improve the situation of Nasar neighborhood.

Children are the most vulnerable individuals getting the worst effects of crises and conflicts happening around the world. Child population makes up 2.2 billion of 7 billion world populations, and 143 to 210 million of this population are orphaned. This number reaches 10,000 in Iran. Also, in Isfahan province, 1100 children in the age group under 18 are kept in welfare centers, of which only 480 are in suitable orphanages. According to statistics of the State Welfare Organization in Iran, Isfahan has sixteen orphanages, the majority of which are buildings regardless of place attachment. Among the existing ones, two buildings are operating with the change of the school building or the old residential building, which do not have the necessary quality in order to increase the place attachment. Place attachment, which is one of the most basic elements in the design of children's spaces, especially orphans, is a challenge that faces very few resources. However, researchers studied the relationship between children with a general view and their impact on location, place identity, and social bonding in the case of orphans. But a building to increase place attachment is very rare for orphans in the city of Isfahan, also orphans Isfahan have not been studied due to recognizing their environmental psychology’s needs. In this regard, research is necessary to achieve design strategies that need to respond to child psychology. In connection with the existing orphanages in Isfahan, design strategies for places that are usually limited and insufficient have been considered. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to use the components of place attachment (place dependence, place identity, and social bonding) to achieve design strategies to increase the attachment of orphans in Isfahan to their living space. Using a sequential-exploratory mixed research method, this article gathered and analyzed data in four stages. First, content analysis of library sources was used to determine the three main components of place attachment: social bonding, place identity, and place dependency. Then, four phases of the research process were completed: participatory observation, mental picture analysis, and Semi-structured interview. The findings indicate that organizing private and public open spaces promotes social interaction. Making a memory and paying attention to the child's privacy lead to place attachment. Often, by creating space with the aim of experiencing the environment, the place's identity is enhanced. Moreover, the present paper has demonstrated that place dependence is directly related to the length of time the children stay in that environment and their memories they gained. And of course, increasing children's social interactions with social activities in an environment with favorable spatial diversity is effective in eliminating children's anomalies and increasing their attachment, and by designing workshops to cultivating every child’s talents the identity of each child's place will rise and also experience of each space by himself and increasing excitement in the child will increase place attachment. Also, using tools that the child has designed or made; in-home furniture; increases the child's confidence and increases place attachment.

This study examines the effect of geometrical indices of a street (Orientation and H/W) on the buildings` direct solar access on an urban scale, which its results can be used by urban planners in designing new neighbourhoods and redeveloping old ones in developing cities. In cold climates, the access of buildings to sunlight due to the street geometry index is necessary to reduce the heating load and affects the thermal performance of buildings. This index (height to width ratio (H/W) and orientation) directly affects the absorption and emission of urban sunlight and changes in them can affect the amount of solar radiation absorption of the building.This study aims to investigate the amount of the buildings` solar has gained in the cold climate of Hamedan. The research method is quantitative and based on numerical data of simulating solar radiation and the geometry of the urban texture of Hamedan. Data analysis was conducted by statistical analysis of box diagram, correlation coefficient, and reference model. First, to examine the effect of street width index, fixed height, and variable street width (6 to 36 meters) and then to examine the height index, fixed street width and variable height (3 to 9 floors) were considered in the modelling. The findings reveal that east-west oriented buildings have the highest solar gain of 17.9% in the winter, and nearly 60% of the streets in the new urban texture of Hamedan are placed in the non-optimal orientation.The average solar gain in northern blocks is more than in southern blocks and streets; with a lower H/W index this gain increases indicating a reverse and intensive correlation. Index H/W compared to orientation has the greatest effect on a solar gain on the building located alongside streets.  In shallow geometrical valleys, the temperature from radiation is higher than in deep valleys and as the H/W index rises, i.e., as the street becomes narrower, the direct solar gain decreases. In southern blocks, due to a deep valley in the yard, most of the south façade of a building in the winter is always in the shade of building volumes and absorbs little solar radiation. In this state, the greatest amount of absorption is reflective and scattered. Therefore, increasing the depth of the yard in these blocks to absorb more sunlight was studied in our recommended pattern. From the measured indices in this study, the H/W index has the greatest impact on solar gain for buildings located alongside streets. This index has a 123% higher influence compared to the orientation index on absorbing radiation and is of more importance. In Hamedan, regarding the H/W index, a twelve-meter street has the least absorption, thirty-five-meter, and seventy-five-meter streets have the most absorption in the winter. In our recommended patter, increasing the depth of the yard and using vertical shades for windows leads to a 2.7% and 25.8% rise in solar gain for northern and southern blocks, respectively. This pattern reduces 11.7% and 4.94% of absorption for the mentioned blocks in the summer.

Social justice has always been one of the most critical citizenship rights. Although spatial justice offered new interpretations in urban planning, it has not been comprehensively defined in housing architecture. The purpose of this study is to obtain indigenous definitions and explain the indicators of measuring social justice in Iranian housing architecture. This research has been done to combine qualitative and quantitative methods with the Weighting model of variables with the help of SPSS software and hierarchical analysis. The theoretical approach was based on the indexing method. First, the library-documentary studies, by reviewing the texts and library documents, the different definitions of Eastern and Western philosophers from the concept of social justice have been studied, and related materials have been extracted from reliable sources. In the other part, the views of contemporary Iranian architects regarding the indigenous pattern of Iranian settlement were examined. Then, by a comparative study of spatial justice indicators and critical factors of housing patterns in Iran, the most important factors affecting the measurement of spatial justice in Iranian housing were obtained. Indicators of social justice in Iranian housing were classified into five categories: conceptual, physical, climatic, social-cultural and, visual aesthetics. Physical categories such as symmetry in the plan, geometric form of blocks, variability in the unit area and, the type of proximity of residential blocks have been studied. Conceptual categories were assessed with questions about spatial hierarchy, flexibility within residential units, resident participation, and space security. Environmental and climatic variables were assessed with questions related to light, ventilation and landscape, balcony, area and, variety of common spaces. Social and cultural indicators were assessed by factors such as the existence of shared service spaces, the social interactions in the open spaces of the complexes, privacy, prediction of units and spaces for the disabled, and for the visual factor items such as the variety of block form, use of decorations, Facade and, the effect of building height, uniformity and uniformity of blocks were evaluated. Finally, the criteria were validated through a questionnaire between professors and experts. The results showed: Units' access to sunlight, proper ventilation, and landscape, provision of spaces for the disabled, attention to spatial hierarchy, flexibility and participation of residents in the development of the residential complex and diversity of common spaces, space security, and diverse area are the most important factors in promoting spatial justice in residential architecture and the use of decorations on the facade in social housing received the lowest score. To conclude, while there are several expressions about social justice, we tried to put spatial justice on a scale, which is the scope of architects, with the help of criteria. These indicators can be effective in creating a conceptual model for creating future spaces. This is done to improve the quality of urban life of vulnerable citizens in social housing. In the hope that in addition to creating physical spaces as a shelter, we can further consider social justice, which has a direct impact on increasing citizens' satisfaction.